Is it possible to obtain Polish citizenship through investment?

Updated: 10.12.2024

In recent years, many countries around the world have introduced citizenship by investment programs, offering foreign nationals an accelerated pathway to citizenship in exchange for significant financial contributions, typically through real estate investments or direct investments in the local economy.

These programs have proven especially attractive in the Caribbean and parts of european countries, where countries such as Malta, Cyprus, and Portugal have capitalized on foreign investors’ interest. Understandably, many people ask whether Poland offers a similar pathway—does Poland have a citizenship by investment program?

The short answer is: no. Poland does not offer any streamlined or expedited citizenship program in exchange for direct investment or property acquisition. This means that no amount of capital injection into the Polish economy, nor any level of investment in Polish real estate, will automatically grant a foreigner Polish citizenship.

However, for foreign entrepreneurs interested in Poland, there are other, albeit more traditional, pathways to obtaining Polish citizenship. This article will provide a detailed overview of how one can achieve Polish citizenship through a structured legal residency process and clarify the role that business and investment activities may play in supporting these efforts.

What are Poland’s standard pathways to citizenship?

For foreign investors and business owners, understanding the legal framework for obtaining Polish citizenship is crucial. Unlike some other countries, Poland adheres strictly to conventional residency and naturalization processes.

The primary routes to Polish citizenship are as follows:

1. Citizenship by descent – available for those who can prove Polish ancestry.
2. Citizenship by marriage – possible after three years of marriage to a Polish citizen and two years of residence in Poland.
3. Citizenship by Presidential Grant – an exceptional route, which is entirely at the discretion of the Polish President.
4. Citizenship by naturalization – the standard and most relevant process for foreign investors and entrepreneurs.

The naturalization route typically involves several stages of acquiring temporary and permanent residency, followed by the possibility of applying for citizenship. For entrepreneurs and business owners, this process can be pursued through the standard procedures for obtaining residency permits, followed by long-term residency and finally citizenship. Here’s a step-by-step outline of how this process generally works.

How can entrepreneurs obtain citizenship in Poland through residency? Step by step

If you are a foreign national looking to establish business operations in Poland, your first step will involve obtaining a temporary residence permit. To do so, you must either establish a company in Poland, typically a limited liability company (sp. z o.o.), or register as a sole proprietor. You must then demonstrate that your business generates a sustainable income or, at a minimum, create jobs for Polish citizens.

Step 1: Obtaining temporary residence permit

Foreigners who wish to reside in Poland temporarily must first apply for a temporary residence permit. This permit is usually valid for up to 3 years and is renewable. To qualify, you will need to provide proof that your business activity is generating sufficient income and you personally are able to cover your living costs in Poland. For example, if you are the shareholder and a board member of a Polish limited liability company, you must submit annual financial statements, balance sheets and profit and loss accounts or employment contracts confirming that your business is viable.

It is essential to highlight that simply establishing a business or purchasing a property in Poland does not automatically entitle a foreign national to obtain even a temporary residence permit. Instead, the permit is granted based on a thorough evaluation of the business’s financial stability and economic contributions.

Step 2: Applying for a long-term EU residence permit

After legally residing in Poland for 5 consecutive years, a foreign national may apply for a long-term EU residence permit. Importantly, this 5-year period does not need to be spent exclusively on a temporary residence permit; any legal basis for residence (such as a visa, residence permit, or pending decision on a residence permit) is counted toward this requirement.

Additionally, during the last three years of this 5-year period, the applicant must demonstrate having a stable and regular source of income. This requirement ensures that the individual has been financially self-sufficient and integrated into Polish society. Once granted, the long-term EU residence permit provides extended residency rights in Poland and allows limited mobility within the EU.

Step 3: Applying for Polish citizenship

Once you have held a long-term EU residence permit and have lived in Poland for at least 3 years on the basis of this permit, you may apply for Polish citizenship. This is the earliest point at which a foreigner can apply for citizenship through naturalization. At this stage, you must prove your legal stay in Poland, possess knowledge of the Polish language at least on B1 level (confirmed by a formal examination), and show that you have a stable and regular source of income.

An alternative option exists for those who have legally resided in Poland for 10 years, regardless of the type of residency permits held during that period. After 10 years, you may apply for Polish citizenship as long as you have a long-term EU residence permit and meet the language proficiency and income requirements.

Real Estate investments and Polish citizenship

Purchasing real estate in Poland, while a popular investment option, does not provide any direct benefit in terms of obtaining Polish citizenship. Unlike countries with golden visa programs, such as Spain and Portugal, Poland’s legal framework does not grant any immigration or citizenship benefits for real estate acquisitions.

However, holding a legitimate title to a property in Poland is a prerequisite for obtaining a residence permit and is often used as evidence of economic stability and ties to the country. This means that while owning real estate in Poland will not expedite your path to citizenship, it can support your application for residency, which is the first step in the naturalization process.

Why choose Poland?

Although Poland does not offer a direct citizenship by investment program, it remains an attractive destination for entrepreneurs and investors due to its strategic location in Europe, dynamic economic growth, and business-friendly environment. Many foreign nationals have successfully integrated into Polish society through traditional residency routes, leveraging Poland’s high-quality standard of living, robust legal system, and access to the European market.

For those looking for long-term integration, the investment in Poland is not merely a transaction—it is a commitment to building a life and business in a country that values stability and adherence to its laws. While the path to Polish citizenship may be longer and more challenging than in some other countries, it ensures that individuals who become Polish citizens have a deep and meaningful connection to the nation.

Final thoughts – navigating Polish citizenship as an entrepreneur

For foreign investors considering Poland, it is crucial to approach the journey with a clear understanding of the country’s legal requirements and realistic expectations. There are no shortcuts or accelerated paths to Polish citizenship through investment. However, by establishing a successful business and demonstrating a long-term commitment to residing and contributing to the country’s development, you can eventually achieve Polish citizenship.

If you’re ready to explore the opportunities for business and residency in Poland, contact our law office today. Our professional lawyers will guide you through every step, ensuring you meet all requirements and maximize your chances of success. Reach out to us at [email protected]!

FAQ – Polish Citizenship by Investment